Contemporary Challenges to Black Women’s Reproductive Rights

Contemporary Challenges to Black Women’s Reproductive Rights

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Contemporary Challenges to Black Women’s Reproductive Rights

Homework

My gender is male.

Part 1: Position paper (3 pages)

Selected Readings from Disch, Parts VI & VII

  • “Families” – Estelle Disch
  • “Contemporary Challenges to Black Women’s Reproductive Rights” Jeanne Flavin
  • “The Transformation of Family Life” – Lillian B. Rubin (pg. 304-313)
  • “Dilemmas of Involved Fatherhood” – Kathleen Gerson
  • “Missing in Interaction” – Myra and David Sadker
  • “ ‘What About the Boys?’  What the Current Debate Tells Us—and Don’t Tell Us—About Boys in School” – Michael S. Kimmel
  • “Does Gender Matter?” – Ben A. Barres
  • “Black and Female: Reflections on Graduate School”- bell hooks

The purpose of this paper is to stimulate your thinking about who you are, how you perceive the world, and how you arrived at the beliefs you now hold about sex and gender. This will be a position paper in which you declare your position on a particular topic, and support  your position through supporting evidence, from both outside sources (text, research) as well as your own experience (epistemic perspective).

Please choose one of the following questions to explore in your essay. Be sure to indicate the question you are answering:

  1. How does gender inequality hinder our society from progress?
  2. What social problems does gender inequality cause?
  3. Does society or a person define gender?
  4. Can culturally sanctioned gender roles negatively affect adolescents’ mental health?
  5. Who or what defines the concepts of “masculinity” and “femininity” in modern society?
  6. Would humanity be more developed today if gender stereotypes never existed?
  7. Would our society be better if more women were in power?
  8. Why is the concept of feminism frequently interpreted negatively?
  9. Self-determination of women in professions: Modern contradictions. Describe the character of a woman’s self-determination as a professional in today’s society.
  10. Should gender and racial equality be taught in elementary school?
  11. Guidelines:
  12. 1.  Make at least one reference to an assigned reading or a topic discussed in class.
  13. 2.  The paper should be typed and double-spaced with 1-inch margins in APA style.  Correct spelling and grammar is expected.
  14. 3.  You must use citations correctly!  This means using quotes correctly when using text word-for-word, citing your source when paraphrasing someone else’s idea, and in either case, providing the author’s name, year published, and if a quote, the page number.  Please use APA style (this is a great guide: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_style_introduction.html)  (Links to an external site.) .
  15. If quoting the text book:  If paraphrasing (using an article from Reconstructing Genderas an example):  Gender can be understood as a process, a social institution and a stratification system (Lorber, 2009).
  16. If quoting another book:
  17. I agree with the authors of Women, Men and Societythat “the development of a masculine or feminine gender identity is quite independent of either the presence of a pair of XY or XX sex chromosomes…” (Renzetti & Curran, 1999, p. 41).
  18. If referencing lecture/discussion in class:  Derogatory labels are used to enforce social norms about gender (class discussion, Jun. 30).
  19. Your references would look like this:
  20. Lorber, J. (2009).  The Social Construction of Gender.  In Reconstructing gender: A multicultural anthology, 5th
  21.       edition, E. Disch, ed. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Co.
  22. Renzetti, C.M. and Curran, D.J.  (1999).  Women, men, and society, 4th Edition.  Needham Heights, MA: Allyn &       Bacon.
  23. References from an online journal/website:
  24. Wooldridge, M.B., & Shapka, J. (2012). Playing with technology: Mother-toddler interaction scores lower
  25.          during play with electronic toys. Journalof Applied Developmental Psychology, 33(5), 211-218
  26.        https://doi.10.1016/j.appdev.2012.05.005
  27. Feminism. (n.d.). In Encyclopædia Britannica online. Retrieved from        https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/724633/feminism

Part 2: Discussion

This week we are focusing on Family and Education. The Middle East and North Africa notably lag behind the Western countries in terms of women’s rights and gender relations. After reading the selected readings for this week, and the article below, please answer the following discussion question in a post of approximately 150 to 200 words:

Take into consideration that the turn of the twentieth century, most women in the United States still did not have the right to vote, and were restricted in their access to work and educational opportunities. How does that compare with the issues being raised today in the Middle East about the role of women and girls in society?

Part 3: Write your comments(70-100 words each)

Hello All,

The role of women and girls in the Middle East and North African has many similarities to women at the turn of the twentieth century, in the United States. Today the roles have expanded beyond yesterday’s expectations, providing women and girls with equal access to education, healthcare, decent work, and representation in political and economic decision-making processes. Education is a key part of strategies to improve individuals’ well-being and societies’ economic and social development. In the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), access to education has improved over the past few decades, and there have been a number of encouraging trends in girls’ and women’s education. Women in MENA countries are more likely to enroll in universities than they were in the past. Some challenges remain.  Girls are still excluded from education, and many more are enrolled in school, learning too little to prepare them for the 21st-century job market. Access to secondary and higher education that helps create a skilled and knowledgeable labor force continues to be limited, even where access is not a problem, the quality of the education provided is often low.

MENA countries have lower levels of women’s education and labor force participation than other regions with similar income. The interaction between the region’s economic structure and its conservative culture, in which traditional gender roles are strongly enforced, is largely responsible. Men in the MENA region are more likely to have direct access to employment and control over wealth, while women are economically dependent upon male family members. Women’s involvement in the labor force has been limited to a small number of socially acceptable occupations and professions, such as teaching and medicine. However, the situation in the region is slowly changing, women are serving in the military.  Women activist, who come from the educated segments of society, are challenging the status quo; demanding equality in the family and society; calling for women’s economic, political, and social empowerment. As the region’s cost of living rises, families are increasingly forced to depend on the additional income that female family members can provide.

Comment:

When I think of middle eastern women currently living in the MENA region the words that come to mind are oppressed, abused, manipulated and tormented.  Reading the study and statistics pertaining to middle eastern women was enlightening, to say the least.  Generally speaking, since the “Arab uprising” (post 9/11/01) the middle east has seen an improvement in nearly all categories across the board; health, education, political involvement, etc (Dalacoura, 2019).  While many of these countries don’t hold a candle to our rights and freedoms as American woman, they are still slowly improving; at a far greater risk to their safety I should add.

One thing that struck me as interesting was that even though middle eastern women are improving drastically in education (literacy and level of education obtained) it is not reflecting in the work force.  Women are becoming educated, but men will not hire them, and if they do, they receive up to a 40% lower wage than their male colleagues (Dalacoura, 2019).  I thought this aligned with the United States during World War II.  All of the men were off fighting in the war and woman were finally given the opportunity to join the workforce.  Though there were woman in the workforce prior, this really set the stage for the female revolution (think Rosie the Riveter).  Once given opportunity and jobs, it was hard to get rid of us! I’m surprised that this isn’t happening to a larger degree in the middle east considering it has been a war zone there for some time.

Though the statistics are not nearly where I’d hoped they’d be, I am shocked at some of the improvements made when it comes to Arabic woman.  The best thing we can do is become educated on their problems and struggles, then act in solidarity.  When one woman screams it is just a whisper, but if we all scream, it can quickly become an avalanche.

Comment:

I don’t believe that the issues American women faced before or after gaining more rights in the US compares to the horrors that women in Middle Eastern countries have had to deal with. Women in the US had to fight for their right to vote, to own land, to get an equal education and better work opportunities. Today you could say that aside from having the right to vote and own land, the fight continues for equality in the workplace. As unfair as it seems to women in this country to still be treated unfairly, it could be so much worse. In the Middle East the treatment of women has gotten worse. During this time of war there has been “mass enslavement and rape of women and young girls.” (Dalacoura, 2019) There are studies that are showing that the safety of women is more likely when these countries are in a peaceful state. “Gender inequalities have been associated with economic underdevelopment and authoritarianism.” (Dalacoura, 2019) These women are making progress in their movements but not nearly as much as women have in the US. These women are still treated as though they are possessions to do the will of the men around them. The article Women and Gender in the Middle East and North Africa tells us that these countries are trying to improve but even if women do make it to an authoritative position in their society, like in politics, there is an understanding that the women are still inferior to the men. There is also the fact that every time there is conflict in these areas the rate of women being taken, raped, beaten, all increases. Although we have these problems come up in the US, the women in these countries have to worry about these atrocities every day. Countries in Africa and South Asia have the highest rate of violence towards women, and it usually comes from their husbands/partners. There is just no comparison to the women in the US and the women is the Middle East. It makes me fell lucky to be in this country.

Comment:

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